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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  M' G9 @( a1 {0 [6 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical* r, a( I& @, W
Exposure to Testosterone, W% Q; k  y8 f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  D, E2 Q. s8 M. y8 K, c  V4 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 C7 r/ l: g0 V3 w3 |Clinical Pediatrics. F; H& D1 c" u5 J+ @) v0 Z7 N
Volume 46 Number 65 _, `: x0 {- g) e4 U  B
July 2007 540-5439 b# E$ E* `) t+ q- K8 g9 B
© 2007 Sage Publications
4 y& ]0 d5 ]$ b  \9 q10.1177/00099228062966517 [( @3 z% X9 m$ c& R2 a
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 i: {" g$ B, P3 ~( V  Yhosted at
; D* h3 C) Q: x4 [http://online.sagepub.com
. f* U% q1 n! i, vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. a" o8 O% f' P, r! @, T& z" Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
  D" N8 y3 e" `% Z- G# dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 m+ c8 T& g( k" @) u( g
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 V7 T4 J! `* sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ j: @* @2 N) F' K6 W2 W& L! X
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 b0 h4 W5 x. g8 t. m1 Q3 Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 p4 z; k4 G/ q# v, Z+ fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% R/ X' j" S$ D# t! \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 e" T; e+ U) ~$ w$ R: i! ?report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: y/ [3 ]6 [: |, ?! Q1 s- ienlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ b" y, J% Q" d4 Y& ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# X. j2 m; l* l) rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ o% E; }9 r1 H; [+ d! {
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& z1 i& v3 p* g# F" M& H  y8 d$ gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* x8 H' W9 _) c3 e5 J. Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of% R# W. b3 \8 `7 P: s& K2 x$ \
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 K: I* [4 E3 e+ f7 |bly more common than the rare case report in the
1 K5 e, O+ Z9 [9 Dliterature.49 A) I3 T( q/ @0 g
Patient Report. O  R# Y& ^9 A3 Y, A# t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 H' w- T& V9 X; x7 Z1 fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ D7 ?: F- F! Q) ^" g
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ u% o8 b0 I1 b( s$ m' j; y5 H2 mlight colored pubic hair development when he was$ V. ^+ ~8 K9 a. M; }7 J5 ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 W" J' h( v! F, o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( J  |' y, Y: E# H8 FAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 ?( e7 I% W* y4 J' L9 t6 i+ J* u1 uProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% Q0 l1 M# i: Z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 Y: b8 T$ q- ce-mail: [email protected].$ n! ^3 A1 \4 \/ G, N
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 n% p7 }1 I, Q  }* T! E# m% K8 E
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 Q" d1 `# t) w3 g5 O4 Kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child; q1 |1 `- q6 d, {% e
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 ]- y, X& E8 b+ [/ T; P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) D" L- C6 @) t$ T3 m
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 t; X- r2 @( v* @" y7 lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% ?" N3 ]% t, l4 O5 D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% ]* `6 I& i" ]* z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 F" m3 ?6 K, z
was age appropriate.! x! C/ L: s( |0 ^# Y: v
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& w" g- `% E8 ]( owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: i0 m0 Y2 J7 r# q% t5 T
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; g" r) [7 ]" c0 R" R" z8 Mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! N. F, h$ Y" [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! h2 N- C+ b3 b6 `* }. ?8 g9 nThe father denied taking any other medication. The. j) O" `; o8 L# ^6 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 P- R& `, ^% d( `) r2 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. u  l# a8 R' ~1 ]9 s6 {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 ~* @9 r3 e8 J+ }9 r& d+ C. _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 r  r9 D2 t9 g6 |4 ?* S7 ~
tives. There were no siblings.
: O6 O( O' E+ m$ k1 }" FPhysical Examination
0 {  k. E& U4 |2 c. IThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 [+ D' f  @. kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: E3 t9 r+ [$ m3 M8 ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! x7 }* Q7 `3 N. j# y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 E* v' A9 F: |  W+ [5 t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 S( o7 {& E. }6 ?( }2 y1 V2 Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( N% H" t' y7 q4 o: cthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." K: E& q' N# g6 X& d+ @3 c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& F  c" f/ C6 \5 O4 l* K4 Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! x8 ?& C7 N. s
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ L& D# X! z, _) mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% D# _& }: v2 C* J9 Q5400 u; E0 j) N9 J! L3 j4 G  ]: M0 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# b  {: r4 c' [8 P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 e4 a% d$ g) K5 O+ y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 u0 X  X) R! T+ kThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, y- t) K/ U2 N* R/ V2 o2 b' J
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& c! M! B, ]! J& j$ B% a
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
& [* Z* d* O4 }  }6 M8 bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 Y& N2 U; r; r6 y% Y1 I, |bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, e8 Z4 a/ d" m) R% h7 ~# M, @9 C: eof papilledema.
0 p  T: k. M/ o9 I' p  I, v8 a& {Laboratory Evaluation
$ {5 n6 x7 K5 x! BThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by; O7 E4 T' q& r& n" X' f$ x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 m7 m  n' k( z+ f1 K
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  i' r* c: c9 G4 G
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ B1 G6 g1 l( d: \0 M' a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 L" }! w7 g4 C3 A! llating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% x7 v' Z- @4 m& y9 N; n7 U& GThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: D6 p/ b* F% Q, `% j2 D! o, jurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& w0 ~% s* F5 f3 B
within normal range for his age. The concentration
+ V+ p+ N: _" h# {8 `1 f5 Lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; h! \" P! {+ _! q& l) A
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 k; x* l* T$ ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 w% Z! F& S# f5 Y4 D$ l5 |  _% N
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 h. g2 S- `- A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 K; t4 Q# {/ j( P3 I- R6 e3 S
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 q. z" o8 G' l( c3 Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  ^, M4 T. M" t$ v  L0 t6 itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* k6 ~. D5 a# \, S+ i& etestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 }- k* ]+ K! z: [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 Y$ m2 T' k9 r# Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( N8 l. J- u0 ^0 R
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; ^) ^1 b4 @2 [' k( q' M7 |concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ b' b. Z( Q7 [: O, \+ M4 ?
(prepubertal).' a9 F. s  y+ o4 X7 t
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 D. T5 c! H) o# A8 w+ ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were: t5 B* V, X4 }" q9 ], J/ S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 T. L3 b) A3 r) l, _3 O# dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 C! `2 G" V( [* F5 R9 ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# {7 H* z) Y4 Q2 G, cever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 v) @0 i! l( y4 t2 l) h% ~$ L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 n0 \1 `9 v9 A4 e5 d/ q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* L8 t' r1 F4 Y* M9 S! L* ^( |( N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! D! o# V4 I. |* [! c6 F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ |5 s8 F8 q$ u" o0 o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. W$ r) Q4 i; O' `, D/ C  `& R: Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! q, J- X9 D2 ^  p9 ~* E
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 A: T5 R" G: @, ~
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# b0 v3 N& H9 X4 x. N7 |0 ning frequent erections.
7 D( c! E7 @( F$ c7 x+ V* nBoth parents were again questioned about use of3 c% f9 v2 y. i8 S. a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! A- f6 \& n1 u; h  C3 X, Bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: o! A# x/ M" R: I0 F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ z( E8 g+ h' Z8 U5 \- }
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. ^! T+ D' F8 t) ?: Sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" U) b, p4 Y( O; `$ F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 [0 g2 _2 b2 ~' y$ ~4 sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" h) X5 c0 A$ b1 Z. j' z; Lscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 H' a% f, U, M1 u2 bsecondary to depression.; y3 o2 L0 p) m+ q# v! @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) C; \- a. Z6 g' w9 R; Y4 KThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ Q/ z/ `. A# T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 D$ I( r0 U: e5 P1 s  V1 lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& [, ]* w" X/ EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 g  {" l$ y$ ~4 u9 ]
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 [' Z" S% z" V9 w) Bwas high, he then read the product information
! \' A1 ^, ~- ^, S  \- |9 Qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 s1 _0 r0 k  |8 Y1 X- Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) @! g- Y8 E" p. n. d# t9 o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 \" F/ m3 Z) P* yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ \. g8 Y- z  u3 e, E) Mbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* N; H$ h8 {( o  @9 c  j  i' ~test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ j9 e% S2 [$ _% B7 J1 Z. L" ]laboratory to obtain the test./ e6 F! E7 {1 L7 [
Discussion
9 R( n' J8 P3 r# o( nPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, \7 Q% }& }/ s: H5 F) u1 m$ O, u' [% o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ \  W* |0 \8 n4 _+ @, [Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 K7 `/ ]) c% ~& |  \it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, F) v& c: W9 j9 gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) p5 D1 v4 e2 w% l) M# f4 jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
  C: a, v  @8 z" u! ^6 N" j4 imay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 K- E- A5 U* t; Y0 t5 iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  L$ K, G$ l/ h0 }/ C/ C8 ~amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# `6 I* ~  C2 A2 W" a4 r
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 b: e5 e/ Y  S) A4 gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 s0 ~* x6 S, [6 h0 L: w
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ B0 o. x, Z% I1 }  _) Prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" l- V) i& n9 ?; Mgonadotropins.1,3' u, v/ i* ^, V+ E
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ `5 w- s% T% \
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 U) C1 s2 y8 j% _5 s# s0 Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 Z% c  Y# N4 ~) mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. A% g* C( e$ l. Y, n) o# s+ Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ F' u6 O) d( s' b
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  V; b8 i& N, G7 G0 f0 x1 [5 P5 R
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 h$ ^$ X$ H4 p' _$ ?# Npuberty in boys.3,4
8 Y+ Y6 N1 R6 K8 Y: \The most common form of congenital adrenal( h( ]! U3 Q% _: D  N9 u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 H, E2 ~5 N5 JThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% `! n5 }( T8 J# D2 @
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 R- o# l9 [3 U2 M/ \
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; z/ m  f& g" p9 J. U: _7 J
excess.1,3
$ Y9 B4 P# Z$ Y: l% k3 o/ D2 z; ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% V. R0 S) u! b  P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# l+ S' e3 ^! C' r* M% xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ P; w* n: U. f; H7 p$ Nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known4 z9 ]2 L9 N  O) }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: L2 O0 o9 B1 z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys. U* X. \+ W% y* o
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& L! Q3 s5 E2 }* u% Lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 ?* X7 s! k7 K$ p+ kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ ~: T' `# l, f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 r/ g, G5 c, U: k  L6 f+ i
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 _  r$ a) s9 ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. Z- j" ?; y( z; X
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! H6 ?+ c' X; B9 X: x1 a" R# F
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- Y8 A: t( f# I# smay have similar precocious puberty.3: |/ z/ f; ^& Q" B; V$ `; @
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
, s/ s  X4 V  c* Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 Y+ ], v+ {/ @# S$ W+ k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 p% T! e4 F- E5 d: B- q' ]
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 i0 v0 o% M7 z4 l8 A
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 Y4 M5 C, \8 @! F9 l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
, U& r) G- H- a" e, `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 o! D; i, n. @+ a! F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 ~9 Q- v. u+ F* P
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' ~3 O9 ?+ b7 T' u9 }* I% x
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, k2 M. T" ^5 Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* i# j4 ^2 _8 e* b/ F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! d6 A( s5 v" e% H$ y2 x
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) L% I* N4 O- @' G* h7 ^  u% h
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& Y; I3 v& z. Y( y
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" g: }% P6 N2 h* j
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 ?" X1 f2 f# s0 Y+ [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- L; W  @: [$ y* C9 S" Sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ z# ?% A- x: W$ |+ ~1 U+ Wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! Y' Y# T; W$ s4 K1 a4 [) D$ u! L4 fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  ?( x5 V$ n+ ]* H4 v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( g7 \2 Y# u9 F" S9 O, F6 `; M* Nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# q' k) D4 M& Z+ M" p* R. \Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# o- F) G: V. ~9 W5 i$ R# }. F
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 l( B0 e: U6 u$ I. peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 b( Y" h0 K9 O1 @/ ]3 s/ M' Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- P% c  B9 C- ^+ K  m( s' E# K, k9 ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 R+ R  \  D4 P- \
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 e) e9 m; d" h+ t5 R5 }3 g  gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 G  P2 X) z) v& t& zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-) e6 G& f# }8 h; T1 [% K
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ d; _- t3 G3 h1 U) y$ Qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
5 c4 n' D8 {, o" T5 w" M8 K9 fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 A( I$ g% F9 R6 u. ?6 N; m. a
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ `0 k; S: N+ p* E& r* L+ Y' N
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; O* L' R9 i; b: w; a. Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" P7 l6 ]* V& g/ q4 j; Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! x0 R  Y( f- e1 M* `2 n  m! u' o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# {1 h. W6 G' M1 @$ G- searly childhood on pubertal development and final0 S5 G" ]( V* q5 \  Y' u1 J
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& J( h2 P! ], v3 Ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  m) s$ @9 R0 r5 N: Z2 y, v8 W; V8 A
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some; e9 q- G$ J" H2 \5 ~. K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 g& U. w3 |" K7 R# p/ X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ G, V0 X8 @5 e' f. h. h% i
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  C8 J3 Y) U) e4 R% B' J7 B$ z
There are conflicting reports and controversy% U( }3 P4 n) S' o. }% Z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- u# i, [+ O0 \) n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 c! _! d. V& @7 ^5 Eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 p- D7 C  ?  @ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: p# R) ~; s: S
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: |4 T: i1 E0 I% [* h0 k4 N5 d$ Z  N
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% L1 a$ A) }5 H2 W4 Epenile length in clinical studies.) ]: `: Y) U: x* Z7 o8 D
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) _& `( i" g, \* Igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from1 v4 F: W8 p. O! |- p8 u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 }) r$ }" Q4 q$ O% B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; o: p: M- @; l- ?3 h% h# NAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 v! e* Z2 A$ b  i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% m5 I  W! R0 V: D9 `8 h9 X6 k) y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( Q4 P6 v# U& x6 V& `height will not be affected.9 M* e* [$ O- x  c8 r/ B
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- B" p9 q% Y3 v3 F, A$ a5 Nability of androgen products in our society may
! x: `) D3 `% b; E4 m& S6 @! ]indeed cause more virilization in male or female' a: Q4 b6 s0 h+ @
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 l8 h$ ^' q3 C; N5 a$ t2 Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-* ~- y% @+ B* F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or& P# Y* B. [  E/ l/ f2 W4 S
gel should be asked of the family members during. X/ t! C( P0 Y% ~1 e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% J9 J- y2 ]: V5 [  bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; K* {! x/ r+ S6 g; n6 C; S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 ?& U5 Q7 x+ J& P. D
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. s( o* r0 m& T. zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- Q. r$ q0 Y* Dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' r0 ~% x+ y" m) R0 N
investigation. The primary care physician should be. Q+ e; `* F- c7 {
aware of this fact, because most of these children
" @" @* a9 ~3 X! ]; G8 Fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: O/ a5 {( X, r  N& bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 B: G3 U  Y1 q1 c; wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or# Z1 n- F/ k0 y8 q# S
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 \6 q, m/ p4 d# }$ C( o& h( None using any of these products.
$ M2 W- {1 p! r& ?. Z! |References7 Z. _0 i7 J% X( P# _1 X# T: `
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 [1 A. h6 s) A  J8 T
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* _, R# G# u8 L; A) S! XEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 z7 `0 _  @. o& U$ l1 g
2002: 565-628.
( G) |+ w, p4 ^' S  [* o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ a8 W3 P! i$ }0 i! `' epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 X- T" R0 ?, a. JBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 j6 P7 _; V, g) R2 U' WExposure to Testosterone1 S: a. M: y9 a. q" i
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( F3 p# C3 @" C$ [" o% ]1 Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: G% ^9 l$ v. X+ {: r$ w' c& J
Clinical Pediatrics
- ]$ Y) I2 x6 \: RVolume 46 Number 6( w5 k; s/ W9 P# ~2 Y
July 2007 540-5435 ~% d1 F* G$ }- z4 r$ c- g1 S
© 2007 Sage Publications0 |6 x. J/ N/ E8 [# T1 @3 y
10.1177/0009922806296651' |5 j. b1 u! c& w
http://clp.sagepub.com
; O: F6 e8 c5 N" t  n$ b) u3 \- Yhosted at; j* K/ \+ x0 l, G: i+ K8 g) d2 Y6 X
http://online.sagepub.com
3 [5 E# m8 t# ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ z% L5 z4 ~/ E* c% `: P& D# G1 d# ~$ j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ D9 I* @% I$ V3 k; `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; x) B' K+ ]$ b  O* ithrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ q- w( M" i* C4 m4 t
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  g+ A$ l5 M2 R& }lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ L) T! p9 [  [$ O/ F4 d
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  X) Z1 ~* X0 ~' s2 jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 m0 `$ ^5 ^" n; h/ w/ c3 mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ ^" p+ ?+ [( }/ q+ G. l% E: i
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 e7 F/ g6 J6 R3 B; i$ k, tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" X- w1 `& J3 k3 Y0 v  Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due0 W8 p3 a. T8 f' ?; w; |# O3 w! A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by- e2 A, ?) o. P. q3 w' H/ [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 r8 q- O  D0 K3 d& D% r" ]) dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! O9 l; H9 L" M/ |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of) D3 Z; ^$ p  C& Q# A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-3 t  Y3 `% t# w8 l
bly more common than the rare case report in the
2 c( J! j, ^( C' f4 ]literature.4
5 n# A8 L3 ?/ h" H. m2 S! DPatient Report6 b' E7 K$ k0 V' Y2 m8 A( D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' [  j5 B9 D8 O
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% ~: a4 }0 D8 c+ A( f* i3 T6 |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
) ^" _6 h4 d( x" Ulight colored pubic hair development when he was5 f7 X4 x, F- ]+ ?  v1 v/ K
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" {7 a0 Z7 r6 Q7 b& O) ^! [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 Q$ f4 d  Q. S+ U/ w8 G
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 |  O' a/ y$ \; g' NProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; E3 v8 V1 y; |# H" P6 oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; e- @# X1 V8 p( B  s1 H  ue-mail: [email protected].4 y+ m1 V5 \7 P8 _0 K5 q* ]% Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 c# g! a' T2 `& k1 O: y# [" g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 `" I" L1 L" \+ Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' F( ]/ M. l: q0 C" O7 F8 Z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 |7 y0 ]+ y0 Y: q9 B/ B7 Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: Y* B7 ^2 ~) X4 E, @0 W+ a+ Z. d4 l20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 b2 K, Y9 X* z' K2 m; _4 K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* f! |6 f( @/ S- N! ~& B) Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* Q! `1 h% ?3 g5 B) y  N( H/ [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ L. w3 X: C; c5 owas age appropriate.
! F! Y* V2 I1 b& UThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 j3 P5 g5 U" O2 x0 @. H/ X( h) ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, C$ D+ e* L4 r  P) _' A: _which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% p" U0 q1 E1 @- j9 u8 R
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 X% a: t" k/ x- ^7 B3 ^" bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; O3 M& G) W; y. tThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ y- l+ ^$ J, x9 S" \
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 ]! z( b& f' t0 W* M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 S! Y  e  B- R, n* G1 a5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% V* L. F7 K' c/ E/ W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-# o6 v6 K& z3 C) ?2 }1 ^# J
tives. There were no siblings.' H- N# Z9 A9 r5 M  S2 T
Physical Examination
" F: M# Y. W' i8 p" O8 Q* sThe physical examination revealed a very active,' x* J  H$ D1 n" f1 t- ^" A& s9 \
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* n* Y7 E$ a2 j1 \9 h. `
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. ~( q: J' C- E& l90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, C3 [( \( w% c* F
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 ^6 V# J% q/ j7 |/ Z7 {& Pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% e7 u1 F2 v5 W% y# {, a% Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  M$ x3 _; H0 O/ @2 f3 x6 J% ~3 y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
- @2 X- E( x* n2 q; fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% y. w& }! B, Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- n, G$ n5 f. z) q& \, Vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# F3 p  R6 A$ T
540
& q  t" O( x2 a2 V- ]$ O1 }# cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' K9 C: X, L0 _5 J' ]the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; d) i( S, Q- Q( E  Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) F# `, `, E" w1 }
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 \% }( I% w5 W- \' d! S" w4 y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
: P. J. H7 S1 s  k; T/ P. w, sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! j' D- @5 r4 Q$ n8 w& S) A+ {Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, y# }2 x- J/ wbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 U+ w, m' X9 C; N* U# v* ?of papilledema.
& d" n; G/ J6 _, K! ZLaboratory Evaluation- y4 f) _- Y5 E3 _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ g! h4 n  c9 X) r% m% jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 ?3 r. U$ @1 h  d# o/ L- f8 U4 j
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 M: I  r' \4 N, u. {9 w) t
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: K- }5 e! ?/ _- H: |1 Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  N4 n: C8 d9 C  _# b2 X9 Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., F, V7 W& j/ _4 v8 f2 p5 S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- @  v$ {+ O. o+ L, }/ i; U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 t; a7 ?$ [/ b1 ?! D2 H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 Z$ J! x4 s3 B* E' K, Nof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& l' D8 {9 O5 r9 F1 U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ Q. K) _0 E6 x8 F! A6 ?: B9 q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# [2 r& C5 G, Hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' [8 c$ M6 B0 V) ~! z+ x$ _9 i1 @" H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& [) Q6 J! d: n( i9 F0 B9 G& _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. Q! d" J0 b' b8 ?& \  Mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& V, M% f" s! \8 j4 C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
0 O0 g1 M+ N1 a/ ?# utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ D% S1 Q+ P& S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' z4 C- @9 ^" y+ g3 v5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 s$ v4 L+ ~" Y2 j% f! tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, w% Y; Z) P& Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ K. j* b) s* _" F: x(prepubertal).
9 E! O& o5 w. Z: p, F) xThe parents were notified about the laboratory2 S" q& e  w: {& |+ C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% x5 A+ n; ^0 z5 pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The) I/ q9 [; ~- I% }4 B, \4 `
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ ?  o- d. }& @: h/ n) O% E
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) |/ ]& e' w6 }6 U: i" k& wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 F3 g, ?. X* S1 h: ^- E; \Physical examination at this time revealed that the, ^. i, ?0 P3 f5 w/ o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ x0 `' h- e. \& Y$ m; r) t. W
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 a( [  [5 _1 q2 |
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' }0 S' K: T, I, C4 ?9 }  B7 spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& K! c( u: }# ?/ ?, \1 H
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 ]# t8 V. i$ Q$ V
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' }( ^+ ~. R% H$ J( M
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- o/ W* s6 I9 D; h
ing frequent erections.
( |0 b: k$ p& I, O: fBoth parents were again questioned about use of
' G* T( U+ ]3 D" H' Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to  R* A: c6 b4 m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* s3 j! t% ?+ G0 e9 A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 c, `& c3 J2 {- N
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- M, y' Z% |  c  [' `
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 r9 ?# o& u" J* m- s8 R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( b; I2 C, Z4 x% c* ?) ]$ u0 ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: D$ v) V. d# H; C' |" pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ b* B# T! {! ?5 ]2 f
secondary to depression." I3 I- i+ s- u% j
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  Y, M( n# S0 q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 [6 i" h4 s/ \. `4 C- C2 v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. {; ]* A/ W) ^0 V
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 N6 h3 t4 Q( p) CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
* |, g& K* |% ]! L& D* owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 O4 i. z4 C. D) k; D
was high, he then read the product information
/ y' a5 g, o& x+ Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 j& G7 r8 L1 B( Q8 T+ t
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 p/ ~) K- }8 t: ddecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 \8 M0 I7 L7 l' P% G8 N, S/ b% Mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# k" V, g: `$ l, m, sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 r* w# Z# [+ u9 C% E+ C3 p' O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 L: y; J" c* M
laboratory to obtain the test.0 z( h3 l2 s1 C
Discussion# Y9 w: A3 C4 j( e
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: [3 }  `( k6 ?7 z" P/ x  nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' T8 |3 ^2 C. B% r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 h- ]  {8 z" y. R( g
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& E0 Q/ p1 h  T$ Z% A3 h1 m( q$ J! {
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) `2 H* x9 p* r* C4 W7 dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. r: b4 s, y( j; z- d" `may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* i$ r, B1 w$ lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# Z0 {) N9 ~# S" a/ t+ ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 g4 _4 ]# A% b% d8 \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* A# Y! F3 p; q$ b& [3 l  u, }0 f
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ F, o+ c& A6 m+ G6 q" B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 c- `' w' }3 t. H2 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ H0 U, h" c5 i/ x% l
gonadotropins.1,3
, n( u, D9 l/ u" dGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  z+ j$ l$ Y' b+ [- U' u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  n  w! O# O/ U# v: `' L5 a" U5 sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ @% S& U* x& ~$ d' D! iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 k+ @$ R/ d6 [3 t
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. Y7 _1 w5 T$ a! \8 acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. l, b2 B4 j1 e* Y4 `% uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) Q3 Z) V, n! d, j$ F& F  tpuberty in boys.3,4
7 k9 Y7 e# ^5 @- D) UThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 ~! Q+ J$ `$ Z+ }6 p  p, I5 F% dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# a  b) L. R) c8 A" [% lThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ v6 K) s8 W. yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ T+ O( l& ~9 V* {
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- R, H* l" b/ i- q. c3 p% i, P
excess.1,3" x+ j2 b& G7 f* t. Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ g4 S: |0 y, O) U+ ~542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ E" \; X7 @- V
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ s3 g& k" J# a4 w/ e$ `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  ?, N7 K4 Y, g/ Ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ Z. t1 x* z: d5 I9 Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
- q( T" X* A8 kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,, J$ ~! s* t2 {. h2 C$ u/ b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 T6 d. z  H1 |with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( c7 c3 v* S; \9 @& Z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 M2 g- r* Z) l! Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ e  V% e$ m9 k) `; Sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ P6 g; h  C' N7 ]9 D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# x- n) A# b7 G6 b/ n6 H3 [1 ~1 _8 k/ vmales; therefore, other male members of the family- R/ C9 _8 h$ V0 J. |
may have similar precocious puberty.3
. K- x) t) a- M+ n$ z$ W+ g4 Y/ MIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 X, d" D+ B: t' [2 _* Ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 K" [; V7 H, e6 ^, ~) T
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) T9 A  |/ Y7 f3 lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
- [8 h% T# T6 B; Z' ~" Y4 a4 e) estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 W7 l1 f$ Y) W0 R. q, \
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ j' @: C/ M+ X2 tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 Q/ E' ]( b  v' z, N% Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ p5 A0 Z# Q# @# ?+ [biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ z! Z. a6 a' W6 V$ }" r
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# i0 |, w$ V- E1 Q9 h6 X
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-7 D* y$ F3 h' k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 J  B3 d" g, f- v, a+ _6 c8 u
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 u2 o+ q3 l" ~7 W5 w/ [* B" Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' g. ~' X: s5 z+ Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 [6 f5 c% p3 N9 fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- e- U2 P0 t& I$ W5 ]1 Hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: K- {/ i& }7 w; P& h  _7 g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was9 |( b6 Q& `3 R8 g, l5 ?7 ^
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 ^! Y9 K9 X/ d. ?; x( `$ _  K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 q$ o: `% B( K' f, o5 }" {. H9 K7 xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ b5 ~2 \1 O& r9 q9 Y, ?0 f3 k) o4 hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 Y' n3 ^# n) T, E
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% H: |4 x2 x7 ]! B# {" sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" b$ m% k8 A/ u, ]/ Y0 m
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- R9 t% _) m: e. R7 G+ ~# _partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; ?: g0 b4 n1 D: e3 [$ f+ B% rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 T1 w* r) N5 aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- x9 ^3 ~; I, h, e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 F+ e7 g8 T- D( S) x$ x2 b0 }& \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# O( l  k# `: i0 M5 f: C0 g& [
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 |- p( F, \' H2 P, pactive in young children exposed to testosterone
+ I8 D" U# a: G2 [8 ^$ sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. P% R# s0 e+ S! [# A1 P! r) J
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 I9 y% ]$ {- {; D" dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 ^( Z! l6 a$ e  H5 o8 r0 Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
( A$ w: |% P7 F. |* Z* z1 i# sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) z, k3 a( u, Q9 C3 e0 x/ JThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, w3 O& ], n' I& |, e' ]
early childhood on pubertal development and final
  b. o. P/ N- I: z+ X& Z$ fadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 C$ V+ N6 Q3 S2 a) Pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ ?% g) f0 _+ N: b% _& J0 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some" B! p6 `! d5 w+ }) d7 u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; h- s2 ]3 B/ k' n' O$ b! j! Ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# n0 L7 l8 n  ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( X- V) V5 V' X! `. `- X
There are conflicting reports and controversy
' J8 p* Q7 _  w4 m5 N+ ~over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 G# B5 Y# P- I) ]* T6 G0 bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; a3 N- |0 E% x0 F" I8 {7 \2 Hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ s) U1 @$ U6 b2 T6 t9 U! Q8 q6 v& Fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& }' ~7 e: p" GSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 H4 U- v# b! a
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ }. [. L9 e  i& k+ h4 r
penile length in clinical studies.
+ s' x8 B7 Y3 l3 U1 YNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# c+ L8 v7 d7 }* Z2 T" Y/ {' ^- T6 q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from! d5 x8 c$ k- x3 Z% B2 F3 S5 Q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 ~$ U" A& K& w3 R0 Z6 L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ W! @# H! p2 ^* rAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 J! Y# d' J+ }( j! ^0 u
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) }" e4 Y) {( m" @( j9 kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  z% J3 ^& w" qheight will not be affected.3 e0 i) e% k3 b/ k
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 p$ V! G+ Q; t2 j+ |: p' C
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 \+ V6 S1 P  y+ p" e1 Lindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 u9 Q1 x7 T7 y9 [& H; H. G
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. V& {! {6 g, m( |. a. a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
# T% n9 y3 _+ S* w0 a. Vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 F1 `2 i, @3 H0 \- V
gel should be asked of the family members during
% I4 a2 c$ R7 S( mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  d3 W. p" s" Z* x# O% M% m: v& H$ Rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 s" N$ q. A. Z& d& |( unosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ T2 e- @4 n* d- `7 B1 L% o
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
7 D  p8 \5 s! F- e6 y3 n. zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' L; l/ A9 G/ `: i; O  }) A
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! M: ^. X% h+ D* ^  D8 Z8 ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be; d4 K" d/ x) }4 ?
aware of this fact, because most of these children( ~" L. M$ t; U# j( f2 C  W- @" G
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’  s/ Y5 x( h# C( x' p7 M  y/ {2 \2 F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a( ^3 L: d1 _( }3 s& E" A
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or* E! J" B/ b# l7 y, p
female child who might come in contact with some-
: J; o; ?/ d% n  ~: b8 M7 }4 z3 J' cone using any of these products.) Q8 O" X# B) Z( @) P6 {) l
References
; m) |' f5 V' x  P. h5 h2 M1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
+ R4 g, j+ }, e+ W; E3 R1 o9 \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- u. e5 Y. ^  H  f3 YEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( p& b) [2 n* ^! t
2002: 565-628./ [8 A& r) T9 v$ ~/ a4 M
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ r8 O2 o% V' w8 C5 g7 Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

6 d# Z4 D. N& x7 t6 d- _" O精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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